Hematology as well as oncology is a study of medicine deals with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of blood related diseases. Cancers are comes under oncology. Basically cancer refers to uncontrollable growth of cells and invading of other tissues. Cells may begin cancerous because of mutations in their DNA or accumulation of defects. Anemia is persistent in cancer patients and its prevalence increases with chemotherapy. Cancer stimulates inflammatory cytokine production, which terminates erythropoiesis and erythropoietin (EPO) production. Enhanced erythropoiesis stimulating agents dosing may also influence negative survivals because EPO diminish plasma volume and activates production of inflammatory cytokine individually of increasing erythropoiesis.
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Anemia
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Cancer metastasis
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Hypercalcemia
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Hematologist – Oncologist
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Sickle cell disease
Immunology is a branch of biological and medical sciences deals with the study of immune system. Malfunctioning of immune system causes diseases like cancer, autoimmunity and allergy. Innate and adaptive immunity are the two crucial lines of immune system. Over the past decades there have been various advances in present forbearing of the immune system and how it performing to secure the body from infection. T cells signify a unique antigen binding receptor on T cell receptor membrane and activate the antigen presenting cells to recognise a specific antigen. B cells can identify free antigen without antigen presenting cells. The main aim of B cells is the antibodies production against foreign antigens.
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Immunoglobulins
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Full blood count and ESR
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Hematopoietic systems
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Acute immune hemolytic reaction
Blood transplantation is a process of carrying blood or blood products from donor into recipient. It includes activity to restore blood or components of blood lost through extreme bleeding while surgery when blood loss happens or to enhance blood count to a patient with anaemia. During transplantation if recipient have symptoms like fever, chills, difficulty in breath, itching or not feeling well, alert the recipient immediately. Important sources of blood are autologous blood and donor blood. If blood loss occurred due to an injury or surgery red blood cell transfusion is required to overcome this situation. Invisible internal bleeding can be prevented by platelets and clotting factor transfusions. Plasma Transfusions are used in situations like severe infection or have liver failure or a, badly burned. Cord blood transplantation is a treatment of paediatric and geriatric patients with hematological malignancies.
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Bone marrow transplantation
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Hematopoietic Cell Transplant
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Risk of blood transfusions
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Clotting factors
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Blood borne infections
The diagnosis of blood disorders depends on the person's symptoms and physical examination results. If suspected disease is related to blood a complete blood count and other tests have to be done to identify the specific diagnosis. A bleeding disorder is a state which involves the effect of blood coagulation. To diagnose the bleeding disorder physician will ask the patient's symptoms and medical history. The physical examination will also perform to the patient. The crucial and proper diagnosis involves blood tests. Complete blood count test estimates the amount of RBC and WBC in the whole body as well as platelet aggregation test measures the clumping of platelets. Bleeding time test estimates the immediate clotting of blood to prevent bleeding. Severe anemia includes cardiac murmur, koilonychias, tachycardia, conjunctival pallor. Immoderate bleeding, bruising after minor dental procedures, menorrhagia leads to platelet disorders. Hematothrosis can be noticed in coagulation factor defects. In the case of liver failure, Hepatomegaly can happen. Examination of mucous membranes and nails may lead to anemic condition and examination of lymph nodes leads to lymphoma or leukaemia.
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Complete Blood count test
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Clotting tests
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CT &MRI scans
Pediatric Hematology as a specialty was accomplishable because of the obtainable of the science of Hematology, which generated microscopy for demonstrating blood cell morphology. Before pediatric blood diseases could be explicated, it was obligatory to demonstrate the typical blood values of infancy and childhood. The distinctive aspects of the blood of the neonates were the centre of many of the early studies. After standard values were confirmed, particular blood disease and hematologic disorders of children launched to be reported in Europe and the United States. Pediatric Hematology Oncology is a wide and composite area that encircles disturbances of the various established precursors in the bone marrow and their elements of the blood, and in the coagulation-fibrinolytic systems in the plasma. The connections of the blood and nutrition have long been crucial areas of study. Throughout the last 50 years, Pediatric Hematology Oncology has progressively used monitoring of the new biology, enzymology, biochemistry, immunology, genetics, and molecular genetics, and others. In the course of the last century, various diseases have been identified and described by biochemical and genetic mechanisms, and in some occurrence they have been prevented or healed.
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Haemophoitic system
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Pluripotent stem cells
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Hematologic values
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Organization of globin genes
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Clinical approach to a child with Anaemia
Pediatric hematology refers all characteristics of pediatric hematology and oncology. It involves pathology, immunology and pharmacology in relation to cancer in children and hematological diseases. Physicians who treat hematological disorders are known as Hematologists. In some hospitals hematologists also manage the laboratory. Physicians who manage hematology laboratories and manage them are pathologists specialized in the hematological disease diagnosis mentioned as hematopathologists.
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Pediatric Haematology and Oncology
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Clinical Hematology and Hematopathology
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Experimental Hematology and Ethical Issues
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Scope of Animal Haematology and Its Importance
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Hematology practice and Case Reports
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Contribution of Blood Banks and Blood Donation Programs
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Future prospects of Hematology Research
Blood is a national resource, procured from voluntary public donations and sorted out into medicines to approach that same public’s health. Blood is a distinctive biological in that the “raw material” is the blood donor and the health of that donor is related directly to the recipient’s health. The List of Essential Medicines (EML) assigns medicines as vital based on their safety and efficacy, availability, ease of use in various settings, comparative cost-effectiveness, and public health Blood Products. Blood products contain blood and blood components generate as single-donor outcomes for direct transfusion, called labile blood components those are red blood cells, platelets and plasma and also numerous plasma-derived medicinal products like blood coagulation factors, albumin, polyvalent and specific immunoglobulins and that are constructed in fractionation facilities from thousands of plasma units. In high-income countries (HIC), every unit of entire blood gained is extracted into various therapeutic blood components to both deliver the most worthwhile component therapy. The plasma component can be used straightly for transfusion.
A hematology nurse deals with patients suffering from hematological disorders and cancer. Hematology nursing is similar to oncology nursing and nurses of hematology work in the neighborhood of physicians, hematologists, and fellow nurses. In this specialty third level knowledge and particular skills are necessary. In spite of, if a hematology nurse specifies to focus on adults or pediatric patients, many will be interfacing incurable illnesses or life threatening diseases like hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, leukemia and lymphoma.
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Research patient treatments
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Prescribe medication
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Operate and monitor medical equipment
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Request lab work
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Help with blood transfusions
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Assist with diagnostic testing and analysis of results
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Diagnose and treat blood diseases
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Dispense medication
Hematologic disorders means occurrence of disturbances in immune systems or blood cells or proteins which influence clotting of blood. Laboratory tests to identify blood disorders usually start with study of the blood, which is simply obtained from a vein with a needle and syringe, analysis may need examination of the bone marrow, where blood cells develop. The most common blood test is the complete blood count (CBC), which is an analysis of all the cellular components such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Condition of low number of red blood cells in blood is called Anemia. Severe anemia can cause pale skin, shortness of breath with exertion and fatigue. Lack of iron intake and reduction of blood at the time of menstruation are the most usual causes of iron-deficiency anemia. Aplastic and pernicious anemia are also dangerous and may lead to blood cancer.
If case of anemia is not evident to analyse anemia, a physician will perform a physical exam, check medical history of family, conduct review individual and family medical history carry out blood tests biopsy and bone marrow aspiration. Depends on particular diagnosis treatment might include, chemotherapy to damage abnormal cells, immunotherapy to control the power of immune system to fight disease, transfusions to carry with healthy blood cells, gene therapy to replace a disease-causing gene, bleeding disorders like hemophilia may call for blood-component therapies.
The global hematology reagents and analysers market is awaited to get to USD 9.6 billion by 2023 from USD 6.7 billion in 2018. The development in blood donation and the enhancing prevalence of blood disorders are the prime factors operating the extension of the global hematology analysers and reagents market. Additional factors such as technological advancements and inclusion of flow cytometry techniques with hematology analysers are awaited to assist the growth of market throughout the forecast period. Based on price range, the hematology instruments market is categorized into high-end, mid-range, and low-end. Hematology analysers are used to count and identify blood cells to diagnose and monitor various blood disorders. Hematology analysers will enhance with the increasing blood-related disorders such as autoimmune disorders, anemia, haemophilia, lymphoma, and blood cancers.
The entire market for the hematological pharmaceuticals in peak point as it is as frequent as applicable anticipate to be upgraded over two or three decades. According to all over the market master, curing of hematological disorders and definite market is relayed upon to construct at the rate of 7.5% from 2015-2020. The most recent drugs to invade the hematology market are recombinant erythropoietin products G-CSF and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor at the year of 1989. These have recognized the treatment of cancer and other serious diseases like AIDS. Recombinant drugs are currently influence the blood cell stimulant sector, and are a foremost area for pharmaceutical companies.
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation is influenced by the advances in the understanding of the immunology and histocompatibility of the hematopoietic stem cells. An important part of HSC transplantation is Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy of cancer is related in various ways to HSC transplantation. Hematologists exploring HSCs have become the leaders in the novel field of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Development of the reprogramming principles of the iPS cell fields are now being used to reprogram T cells to generate memory stem cells. This combining of hematology, oncology, stem cell biology, and immunology has basically changed what a haematologist is and does.
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Allogeneic stem cell transplant
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Autologous stem cell transplant
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Blood forming stem cell transplant
A blood transfusion is a common medical procedure in which donated blood is dispense to receiver through a vein. It is a lifesaving procedure and helps to restore blood loss during surgery or injury. These are usually occurring without obstacles. When any complications happened they are habitually mild. A thrombus is a final product of blood coagulation process familiarly called a blood clot. Red blood cells and aggregated platelets are two components of thrombus and they form a cross linked fibrin protein. Thrombosis is a formation of blood clot within a blood vessel. It obstructs blood through the circulatory system. Hematostasis is a process to prevent bleeding. This is called first stage of wound healing. It includes coagulation process and formation of blood from liquid to gel. This process is firmly balanced such a way that it is activated within seconds of an injury. Primary hemostasis belongs to platelet aggregation and platelet plug formation and Secondary hemostasis belongs to the insoluble fibrin deposition.
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Acute & delayed transfusion reactions
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A restrictive transfusion strategy
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Noninfectious serious hazards of transfusion
Blood cancer means a huge group of incompatible malignancies. This group involves bone marrow cancers, blood cancers, and lymphatic system and lymphoid tissue cancers. Leukemia and myeloma refers to the bone marrow cancers, lymphoma refers to the lymphatic system. These are the most common types of blood cancer. Causes of these cancers are unknown. Leukemia and myeloma can interfere with the ability of bone marrow to generate blood cells, including WBC, RBC, and platelets. This can cause persistent infections and anemia. Enlargement of the lymph nodes are referred as lymphomas, can also fight against infections in the body. As well as, myelomas produce a substance which causes bones weakness, and generate abnormal proteins which can cause symptoms in other parts of the body. Treatment of blood cancers has undertaken considerable improvements. When there is no sign of cancer remission will occur. Today in the United States, Almost one million people in US are surviving with blood cancer. People with blood cancer can have complications with serious infections and bleeding. Most common cause of cancer is heavy use of Tobacco and it can cause 22% of cancer deaths. Lack of physical activity, poor diet, obesity these all are the factors of cancer.
Propelling novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of harm into the commercial centre is an adamantly precious and extensive process. All things contemplated, latest methodologies for tranquilize disclosure are preferred. Medication repurposing declares to a chance to rapidly precede novel restorative techniques into clinical preliminaries at a comparatively slightest effort. Recognized on-patent or off-patent medications with unrecognized anticancer movement can be rapidly foremost in class into clinical testing for this novel sign by utilizing their recognized toxicology, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics. By using this manner, pedantic assembling can take a scrutiny in the medication confession field and littler biotechnology organizations can "de-hazard" starting period placid declaration ventures. Here, some inferential methodologies used to identify sedate repurposing openings are featured, with an emphasis on hematologic malignancies.
Transfusion medicine is a branch of medicine that regulates all the strands of the transfusions of blood and blood components. It involves complications of immunohematology, blood donation, and additional laboratory testing for transfusion diseases, management and observing of clinical transfusion practices, cellular therapy, patient blood management, stem cell collections and coagulation. Apheresis is a process of separation which includes extraction of blood components such as platelets plasma from whole blood. The blood donor centre gather components of blood from separated blood donors. Then these components are carried to a central location for organising processes such as division, testing and redistribution. The testing results governing type of blood and infectious diseases testing. Whole blood is divided into red blood cells, plasma and platelets. Plasma can be additionally divided into components such as albumin, immunoglobulin and clotting factor. Blood transfusion is a lifesaving medical therapy. Transfusion of blood should be ordered, safe and appropriate.
A case report is typically examined a kind of scientific proof. Given their fundamental method limitations, involving lack of statistical sampling, case reports are positioned as an important report of clinical proof, next to case series. As well as, hematology case reports plays an important roles in evidence based drugs and also medical researches. Case reports are also involved in pharmacovigilence. These reports are also facilitating to percept the clinical spectrum and information of rare diseases. Another crucial role of case reports is to produce study hypotheses and evolving the mechanisms of disease. Accordingly it is important to present case reports in conferences of Hematologists. Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma consist of less than 30 various entities of diseases with morphology, clinical behaviour, genetics profile and also immunological profile. Because of repeated changes in systems of lymphoma classifications, it became difficult to study their epidemiology. At the year of 2005 nearly 120000 Europeans were treated with lymphoma, in them minimum three to four are with Non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma and rest are with Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
